China Plus One: A New Strategy for Multinational Corporations

The Emergence of the "China plus one" Strategy

The "China plus one" strategy was born out of geopolitical and economic shifts that have reshaped global supply chains. Tariffs imposed during the U.S.-China trade war increased production costs in China, compelling businesses to diversify their operations. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the risks of overreliance on a single source, revealing vulnerabilities in supply chains worldwide. By expanding production to countries like Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, companies can mitigate risks and ensure greater supply chain flexibility.

This strategy is not solely a risk management tactic but also leverages the benefits of lower costs and supportive policies in emerging nations. Shifting a portion of production out of China helps companies cut expenses and improve profitability, while enhancing their responsiveness to market disruptions.

Southeast Asia – A New Destination for Supply Chains

Southeast Asia has become an ideal destination due to its combination of favorable factors. The region boasts a young, cost-effective workforce and is strategically positioned near major international shipping routes.

Vietnam has capitalized on free trade agreements to open its markets, boosting exports and attracting significant foreign direct investment (FDI). With its growing industrial zones and expanded port systems, Vietnam has become a hub for electronics, textiles, and technology components.

Indonesia, with a population exceeding 270 million and rich natural resources, is steadily emerging as a significant production center. Its large nickel reserves have bolstered its electric vehicle (EV) industry, making it a magnet for investment and growth.

Thailand continues to be a key player in the automotive and electronics industries, thanks to its skilled workforce and modern manufacturing base. The Thai government has championed the adoption of automation and Industry 4.0 initiatives, increasing productivity and lowering costs.

Present Challenges

Despite its appeal, Southeast Asia faces substantial challenges:

Infrastructure limitations: Compared to China, many Southeast Asian countries must significantly enhance their transportation and logistics systems. Although investments in roads, ports, and railways are underway, development remains inconsistent and slow, potentially leading to supply chain congestion and inefficiencies.

Labor skill shortages: Although lower labor costs are advantageous, the region still struggles with a shortage of highly skilled workers, particularly in advanced manufacturing sectors. This can reduce productivity and necessitate increased investment in workforce training and development.

Political stability: Some countries face political uncertainties that can affect the business environment. Policy changes, risks from protests, or shifts in government can disrupt foreign operations and deter investment.

Impact on Logistics and Infrastructure Investments

To support manufacturing growth, Southeast Asian nations have significantly invested in infrastructure and logistics. Vietnam leads with ambitious projects such as the Long Thanh International Airport and port modernization efforts. These initiatives aim to streamline cargo movement, reduce logistics costs, and enhance competitiveness on the global stage.

Indonesia and Thailand are also making strides to upgrade their ports and transportation networks, facilitating faster connections to export markets. These infrastructure improvements allow companies to optimize supply chains and create a robust industrial ecosystem.

Future Trends and Lessons for Companies

Southeast Asia is poised to remain an attractive production base, but sustaining long-term success requires strategic actions:

Adopting advanced technologies: Investing in innovations such as artificial intelligence and automation is vital for boosting productivity and decreasing reliance on manual labor.

Developing human capital: Strengthening collaboration with universities and educational institutions to enhance workforce skills is essential for higher productivity and product quality.

Diversifying suppliers and markets: Companies should build a broader network of suppliers and markets to minimize risks and better respond to market fluctuations.

The "China plus one" strategy has marked a significant shift in global manufacturing. Southeast Asia, with its inherent advantages and growth potential, is emerging as a formidable player. Despite facing challenges, with appropriate investments and sustainable strategies, the region can establish itself as a new center for production and global supply chains.

By Kien Le